Ideas para manejar la climigración: estrategias y soluciones para enfrentar el desplazamiento climático
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
El fenómeno de la climigración, entendido como el desplazamiento forzado de poblaciones a causa de los efectos del cambio climático, constituye un desafío para la estabilidad social, económica y política a escala global. Este artículo presenta una revisión crítica de los elementos clave para el diseño de estrategias orientadas a su gestión, con énfasis en políticas de adaptación y resiliencia, planificación urbana sostenible y cooperación internacional. Del mismo modo, destaca la necesidad de fortalecer la investigación científica para el desarrollo de soluciones locales, junto con programas de educación y concienciación que preparen a las comunidades vulnerables. Finalmente, se subrayan dos áreas prioritarias que requieren atención urgente: la transición hacia sistemas agroecológicos y el refuerzo de las capacidades de los sistemas de salud. Se sostiene que solo mediante un enfoque multidimensional, preventivo y colaborativo será posible responder eficazmente a los desafíos derivados de la climigración y avanzar hacia un futuro más sostenible.
Referencias
Altieri, M. A. y Nicholls, C. I. (2020). Agroecology and the reconstruction of a post-COVID-19 agriculture. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 47(5), 881-898. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2020.1782891
Angel, S., Lamson-Hall, P., Blei, A. M. y Galarza Sánchez, N. (2021). The Atlas of Urban Expansion-2020 Edition. New York University. https://marroninstitute.nyu.edu
Barbier, E. B. y Hochard, J. P. (2018). Land degradation and poverty. Nature Sustainability, 1(11), 623-631. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0155-4
Bettini, G., Nash, S. L. y Gioli, G. (2017). One step forward, two steps back? The fading contours of (in)justice in competing discourses on climate migration. The Geographical Journal, 183(4), 348-358. https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12192
Betts, A. y Collier, P. (2017). Refuge: Transforming a Broken Refugee System. Penguin Books.
Black, R., Bennett, S. R. G., Thomas, S. M. y Beddington, J. R. (2011). Climate change: Migration as adaptation. Nature, 478(7370), 447-449. https://doi.org/10.1038/478477a
Boas, I., Farbotko, C., Adams, H., Sterly, H., Bush, S., van der Geest, K., ... y Baldwin, A. (2019). Climate migration myths. Nature Climate Change, 9(12), 901-903. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0633-3
Bronen, R. y Chapin, F. S. (2013). Adaptive governance and institutional strategies for climate-induced community relocations in Alaska. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(23), 9320-9325. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1210508110
Brookings Institution. (2021). How education systems can prepare for climate change. https://www.brookings.edu
CIRAD. (2020). Agroecology and local food systems. https://www.cirad.fr
CGIAR. (2021). Climate-resilient crops: Delivering food security in a changing world. https://www.cgiar.org
Climigration Network. (2022). Guidebook for Community Conversations on Climate Migration. https://www.climigration.org/guidebook
Cohen, M. (2020). Urban transport and climate change: A review. Transport Reviews, 40(5), 545-565. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2019.1694658
Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL). (2021). Desplazamientos por el cambio climático y acceso a derechos en América Latina. https://www.cepal.org
Corte Constitucional de Colombia. Sentencia T-123. (2024) M.P. Juan Carlos Cortés González; 5 de abril de 2024.
Cutter-Mackenzie-Knowles, A., Boulton, A. y Hattam, P. (2020). Children’s climate education: A critical review. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.1204
FAO. (2018). Climate-Smart Agriculture: Building Resilience to Climate Change. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/3/I9535EN/i9535en.pdf
FAO. (2021). Agroecology+: Strengthening capacities and knowledge exchange in Central America. https://www.fao.org/agroecology/detail/en/c/1373554
FAO. (2022). Communicating for climate-smart agriculture: A training manual for practitioners. https://www.fao.org
Field, C. B., Mach, K. J. y Das, T. (2021). Planning for climigration: a framework for effective action. Global Environmental Change, 71, 102373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102373
Fisher, D. R. (2019). The broader importance of #FridaysForFuture. Nature Climate Change, 9(6), 430-431. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0484-y
Foresight. (2011). Migration and Global Environmental Change: Future Challenges and Opportunities. Government Office for Science, UK. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/287717/11-1116-migration-and-global-environmental-change.pdf
Gemenne, F. (2011a). Géopolitique du changement climatique. Le Cavalier Bleu.
Gemenne, F. (2011b). Pourquoi les migrations environnementales n’existent pas. Revue européenne des migrations internationales, 27(3), 41-50. https://doi.org/10.4000/remi.5666
Global Commission on Adaptation. (2019). Adapt Now: A Global Call for Leadership on Climate Resilience. World Resources Institute. https://gca.org/reports/adapt-now-a-global-call-for-leadership-on-climate-resilience/
HLPE. (2019). Agroecological and other innovative approaches for sustainable agriculture and food systems that enhance food security and nutrition. High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition. http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe
ILO y UNEP. (2019). Skills for a Greener Future: A Global View. International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2022). Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report. Cambridge University Press. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2
International Organization for Migration (IOM). (2021). World Migration Report 2022. https://publications.iom.int/books/world-migration-report-2022
International Science Council. (2023). Unleashing science: Delivering missions for sustainability. https://council.science/publications/unleashing-science/
IPES-Food. (2016). From Uniformity to Diversity: A paradigm shift from industrial agriculture to diversified agroecological systems. https://ipes-food.org
IRENA. (2022). Renewable Energy and Climate Resilience. International Renewable Energy Agency. https://www.irena.org
Kabisch, N., Qureshi, S. y Haase, D. (2016). Human–environment interactions in urban green spaces – A systematic review. Urban Forestry y Urban Greening, 20, 130-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2016.08.005
Kagawa, F. y Selby, D. (2010). Education and Climate Change: Living and Learning in Interesting Times. Routledge.
Kälin, W. y Schrepfer, N. (2012). Protecting People Crossing Borders in the Context of Climate Change: Normative Gaps and Possible Approaches. UNHCR Legal and Protection Policy Research Series. https://www.unhcr.org
Martínez, A. y Reca, M. (2021). Movilidad humana y cambio climático: entre la adaptación y el desplazamiento forzado. Revista CIDOB d’Afers Internacionals, (129), 33-54. https://doi.org/10.24241/rcai.2021.129.1.33
McLeman, R. (2014). Climate and Human Migration: Past Experiences, Future Challenges. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107706551
Migration Policy Institute. (2023a). Climate Migration 101: An Explainer. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/climate-migration-101-explainer
Migration Policy Institute. (2023b). Climate Mobility and Development Projects. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/climate-mobility-development-projects
Migration Policy Institute. (2023c). Where Are All the Climate Migrants? Explaining Immobility amid Environmental Change. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/climate-change-trapped-populations
Migration Policy Institute. (2023d). Who Counts as a Climate Migrant? https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/who-is-a-climate-migrant
OECD. (2020). Climate finance provided and mobilised by developed countries in 2013-18. https://www.oecd.org/climate-change/
OECD. (2021). Strengthening climate resilience: Guidance for governments and development co-operation. https://doi.org/10.1787/4f3c5d62-en
OECD. (2022). The Climate Challenge and Education for Sustainable Development. https://www.oecd.org
OMM. (2022). Estado del clima mundial 2022. Organización Meteorológica Mundial. https://public.wmo.int
OMS. (2021). Changement climatique et santé. https://www.who.int/fr/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-and-health
OMS. (2022). The true death toll of COVID-19: estimating global excess mortality. https://www.who.int
OMS. (2023). Health and climate change country profiles. https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/climate-change/country-profiles
OPS. (2023) Agenda para la salud de las Américas sobre cambio climático y salud 2023-2030. OPS. https://iris.paho.org
Piguet, E. (2013). From “primitive migration” to “climate refugees”: The curious fate of the natural environment in migration studies. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 103(1), 148-162. https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2012.696233
Poux, X. y Aubert, P.-M. (2018). An agroecological Europe in 2050: Multifunctional agriculture for healthy eating. IDDRI. https://www.iddri.org
Reimers, F. (2021). Teaching and Learning for the Twenty-First Century: Educational Goals, Policies, and Curricula from Six Nations. Springer.
Rosset, P. M. y Altieri, M. A. (2017). Agroecology: Science and politics. Practical Action Publishing.
Satterthwaite, D., Archer, D., Colenbrander, S., Dodman, D., Hardoy, J., Mitlin, D. y Patel, S. (2020). Building resilience to climate change in informal settlements. One Earth, 2(2), 143-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.02.002
Schlosberg, D., Collins, L. B. y Niemeyer, S. (2017). Adaptation policy and community discourse: Risk, vulnerability, and just transformation. Environmental Politics, 26(3), 413-437. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2017.1287628
Thomas, K., Hardy, R. D., Lazrus, H., Mendez, M., Orlove, B., Rivera-Collazo, I., ... y Winthrop, R. (2020). Explaining differential vulnerability to climate change: A social science review. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 10(2), e565. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.565
UNESCO. (2020). Education for Sustainable Development: A roadmap. https://unesdoc.unesco.org
UNESCO. (2021a). UNESCO science report: The race against time for smarter development. https://www.unesco.org/reports/science/2021/en
UNESCO. (2021b). Learn for our planet: A global review of how environmental issues are integrated in education. https://unesdoc.unesco.org
UNESCO. (2023). 1ST Annual Meeting of the greening education partnership: Getting every learner climate-ready. https://www.unesco.org/sites/default/files/medias/fichiers/2023/12/GEP-annual-meeting-2023-cn-en.pdf
UN-Habitat. (2020). World Cities Report 2020: The Value of Sustainable Urbanization. https://unhabitat.org/wcr/
United Nations. (2018). Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration. https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/73/195
United Nations Environment Programme. (2021). Global guidance for education on green jobs: Connecting higher education and green opportunities for planetary health. UNEP; GIZ. https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/35070
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). (2020). Legal considerations regarding claims for international protection made in the context of the adverse effects of climate change and disasters. https://www.unhcr.org
Vermeulen, S. J., Campbell, B. M. y Ingram, J. S. I. (2012). Climate change and food systems. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 37, 195-222. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-020411-130608
Watts, N., Amann, M., Arnell, N., Ayeb-Karlsson, S., Beagley, J., Belesova, K. y Costello, A. (2018). The 2018 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change. The Lancet, 392(10163), 2479-2514. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32594-7
Watts, N., Amann, M., Arnell, N., Ayeb-Karlsson, S., Belesova, K., Bouley, T., ... y Costello, A. (2021). The 2021 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future. The Lancet, 398(10311), 1619-1662. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01787-6
Wezel, A., Bellon, S., Doré, T., Francis, C. y Vallod, D. (2009). Agroecology as a science, a movement and a practice: A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 29(4), 503-515. https://doi.org/10.1051/agro/2009004
World Economic Forum. (2023). 9 Ways AI is Being Deployed to Fight Climate Change. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2023/10/ai-climate-change-solutions/
World Economic Forum. (2025). 4 Ways to Prevent and Manage Climate Migration. https://www.weforum.org/stories/2025/0
